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yeezevee
Joined: 17 Feb 2004
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 Posted: Tue Dec 05, 2006 4:18 pm Post subject: |
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A Portrait of Dahlia, The Berber Queen Who Stood Up To Islam
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A woman who faced her enemies while empires crumbled, one of the most famous yet elusive women in history, Dahlia was a Berber queen. She is better known as Kahina or al-Kahinat, a title given to her by Arabs, which means "witch". Before the Islamic conquest, Africa was a province of the Roman (Byzantine) Empire. At that time it comprised Tunisia, north Algeria and some parts of Morocco.
Before the Islamic conquest, Africa was a province of the Roman (Byzantine) Empire. At that time it comprised Tunisia, north Algeria and some parts of Morocco. Africa, reconquered in 533 AD by Emperor Justinian, was an Exarchate - a single province with virtual autonomy, governed by a supreme official called the Exarch.
The Exarchate’s capital was the ancient city of Carthage. After Justinian’s invasion, Africa experienced many decades of peace and relative prosperity. At a time when almost the entire world burned with the flames of war, this small province remained an oasis of stability. Peace brought economic prosperity. Its grain was exported, along with goods produced by its artisans, especially their red pottery which was renowned throughout the Empire. With luminaries such as Pristian, Corippus, Victor of Tunis and Aldhelm, Africa also rose to become one of the intellectual centres of the world.
This Africa of Dahlia’s youth was a melting pot, in which peoples of different races and religions thrived, including Romans, Berbers, Vandal and Visigoth settlers, and tribes of black Numidians. There were Christians of various denominations - Catholics, Arians, Donatists (who rejected the ecclesiastic authority of the patriarchs) - and also numerous Jews and pagans. All these groups lived mostly in peace, marred occasionally by outbreaks of persecution against the Jews and Donatists, and other conflicts.
Very little is known about the private life of Dahlia. It is hard to distinguish fact from fiction in the numerous legends which surround her. Dahlia was born the daughter of Tabat, a chieftain of the Jrawa tribe, who lived in the region of the Aures mountains. Some (mostly Jewish) historians claim that Dahlia professed Judaism. These point out that her Arab title, "al-Kahinat", may be a corruption of the Hebrew word Khn, which means "a person of the priest class". The surname Cohen derives from the same root.
Additionally one Arabic chronicle, by Ibn Khaldoun, written years after her death, calls Dahlia "a Jewess". It is possible that the Berber Queen followed the Jewish religion, but this is only a speculation. Indeed, many Berber tribes professed Judaism at this time, but others also had Christian or traditional beliefs.
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The legends preserve some details of Dahlia’s appearance. She had very long black hair, and had large dark eyes. She was extremely tall for a woman of the time. She was said to be charismatic, and authors attribute to her the gift of foresight - most likely a reminiscence of her great intelligence and wisdom.
When she was a young woman, a chieftain who demanded to possess her as his bride terrorised her tribe. Dahlia went into hiding for some time. Finally she agreed to the marriage. On the wedding night, she slew her new husband by smashing his skull with a nail. Due to her enormous talents, she climbed to the top of her society. |
The storm comes
In 646 Ad, when Muslims finally conquered Egypt, the long years of peace were about to come to an end. The Exarchate of Africa found itself on the frontline of the war with Islam. The Byzantine Empire, itself suffering defeats on almost all fronts, and further weakened by a constant civil war, could give no assistance to such a distant province. The Exarches had to completely rely upon local, limited resources. That they managed to hold off the Muslim advance for so long demonstrates how enthusiastically the local population supported the defensive actions against the Arabs.
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| It was not until 680 AD that the Arabs finally broke through the defences of the Exarchate. While Romans barricaded themselves in coastal cities, a Muslim commander named Oqba led a raid along the coast that reached the Atlantic Ocean in modern Morocco. It is said that Oqba slashed the waves of the ocean with his sabre, furious that there was no more land to conquer. Upon his return in 683 however, Oqba’s army was annihilated by a coalition of Berber tribes, and he himself was slain. |
This victory, however, merely postponed the eventual fall of the Exarchate. In 697 AD, a new Muslim army entered Africa, under the command of Hassan ibn Numan. At this point, At that point, the weakened forces of the Exarchate could not stop the Arab advance, and following a sneak attack, Carthage fell.
Surprisingly, a Byzantine fleet appeared in African waters and the capital was retaken, only to fall again the following year, after a dramatic siege. Almost all its defenders and most of its civilians perished. In retaliation for its resistance, the Muslims destroyed the city. Thus the ancient city of Carthage, and with it the last Roman presence in Africa, came to an end.
The siege of Carthage, however, had given Dahlia the extra time she had needed. A new power in Africa was born. One consequence of the Byzantine defeat was that the Romans had lost their interest Africa. From this point onward, we have to rely solely on Muslim sources, which are very rarely reliable.
The witch
During the siege of Carthage, Dahlia completed her lifetime’s achievement. She consolidated all the major Berber tribes under a common purpose - driving out the invaders. Beginning with guerilla warfare, she soon graduated to launching full-scale invasion against the Muslims. She was joined in this by the survivors of the Byzantine army, as well as the remnants of the local Visigoths.
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| Dahlia attacked the main Muslim army, completely defeating it and pushing the invaders back to Egypt. She even reclaimed the ruins of Carthage. At that point, she was the unquestioned heroine and leader of all of Africa’s population - both nomads, Berbers and Romans. All the ethnic and religious groups united under her banner. She was also joined by some deserters from the Muslim army. One of them, most likely an apostate, became her lieutenant and adopted son. This was also the time when she gained her famous Arabic nickname. |
Without doubt, Dahlia was close to creating an independent state. She ruled with an iron fist. She quickly transformed the anarchic Berber tribes into a disciplined army. She showed great military and administrative skills. She managed to hold Muslims at bay for a long time, perhaps as long as for three years. She also established an administration capable of maintaining a large standing army for this time. Dahlia was an intelligent person and knew that the Muslims would come back, so she prepared for them the best she could.
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| One of the most bizarre episodes of Dahlia’s struggle against the Muslims was the defection of her three natural sons. These joined the Muslims and converted to Islam, claiming that they did it on a peremptory order given by their mother. Some speculate that Dahlia knew that in the long perspective she had no chance to stop the Muslims, and decided that it was the only way to save her beloved sons’ lives. Other authors suspect that her sons came to conduct espionage and sabotage. |
Even if this second option is true, Dahlia had no chance to make use of her sons’ skills. The exact cause of her downfall, and the date when this happened, is not certain.
Muslim chroniclers accuse Dahlia of maintaining a "scorched earth policy" in the hope that this would make the Muslims abandon their invasion plans. For this reason they say she ordered her men to burn cities, to kill livestock and destroy all the fields. Africa, according to Islamic chronicles, turned into a desert on her orders. Muslims say these actions caused her to lose the support of the settled population, who were terrified by the destruction. Farmers and city dwellers became, from this time onwards, passive observers in the conflict. Chroniclers say proudly that such destruction could never stop them, since the main reason for Islamic conquests was gaining converts.
Dahlia’s "scorched earth policy" is, however, an unlikely scenario. Non-nomads formed the majority of her army and supporters. She was intelligent enough to know that such a move would make them abandon her cause. Moreover, it diminished her already scarce resources. It is most likely that the destruction of Africa (which is a fact confirmed by archaeologists) was done by Muslims themselves who later attributed it to their enemy. The invaders were the only beneficiaries of the destruction. Moreover, Muslims used these methods of terrorist warfare elsewhere during their conquests, as in Spain and Egypt.
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| Dahlia soon found herself the only enemy of Islam on the African continent. Muslims sent considerable forces and finally defeated her Berber warriors. Sources differ on how she died. Some say that she died a soldier’s death - with a sword in her hand. Others maintain that she poisoned herself when all was lost and defeat was near. Even the exact date of her death is unknown. It happened between the years 702 and 705. Dahlia’s head was mummified and sent to the Caliph, who ordered that it be nailed to the entrance of his favorite mosque. |
The end: After Dahlia’s death, the fate of Africa was sealed. All organized resistance ceased to exist, though some Berber tribes continued the open fight for some time. In all treaties with the Berbers, the Muslims demanded conversion to Islam. Facing the threat of complete destruction, most of the tribes agreed to abandon their old beliefs. Those who did not accept the new religion were killed. Many Berber women were said to have committed suicide.
Conversions threatened by force rarely have initial effect. For a long time local Muslim governors sent reports to the caliphs that the ever-rebellious Berbers were Muslims in name only, apostatising at every possible occasion and starting mutinies time and time again.
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| The fate of the mostly Christian settled population was initially similar to that of Syria, Spain or Egypt. However, Christians had lost most of their intellectual elites who had either died in war or emigrated (most of old Roman aristocracy had fled to Italy). By such means, the population became Islamised and Arabized much quicker than in other regions conquered by the Muslim hordes. |
Small pockets of Christians however, survived up to 17th century. In addition, as late as the 12th century in some coastal cities, the Latin language could still be heard in the streets.
A long dark night fell upon Africa....
It is somewhat ironic, but modern Islamic authors refer to Dahlia/Kahina as an example of the high role of women in Islamic societies. |
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| By Basileos who Dedicates the article to "Sahara" and all other daughters of the desert. |
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from http://www.north-of-africa.com/article.php3?id_article=337
yeezevee |
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yeezevee
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Peace-N-Harmony
Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Posts: 45
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| Posted: Sat Dec 30, 2006 11:19 pm Post subject: |
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Hello everyone,
Happy New Year to all of you !
I have added two more online books (in the following sections) of my recent post on Page 2:
ONLINE BOOKS ON HISTORY:
Indian Muslims: Who Are They : http://www.voi.org/books/imwat/
RELATED BOOKS ON ISLAM IN THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT:
Islam: The Arab Imperialism (by Anwar Shaikh) : http://www.news.faithfreedom.org/index.php?name=News&file=article&sid=791
Peace-N-Harmony
_________________
"A moment of doubt and introspection will lead to a lifetime of freedom."
“Reject the terror of allah, the pedophilia of mohammed and the barbarity of islam.”
“Reject islam. Rejoin humanity.” |
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yeezevee
Joined: 17 Feb 2004
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yeezevee
Joined: 17 Feb 2004
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yeezevee
Joined: 17 Feb 2004
Posts: 17109
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| Posted: Sat Apr 07, 2007 3:07 pm Post subject: |
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Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947 Compiled for the SGPC
by S. GURBACHAN SINGH TALIB Introduction to the reprint
by RAM SWARUP
A free book te read in to History of partition. and why it was TERRIBLE Idea..
http://voi.org/books/mla/
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1. Pakistan-Birth and Objectives
2. The Cabinet Mission and the Muslim League Direct Action
3. Prelude to Genocide of Hindus and Sikhs
4. March, 1947.
5. Note on Attack on Gurdwara Dehra Sahib
6. The Gandhi - Jinnah Appeal for Peace
7. Frontier Province and D. I. Khan
8. Round about August 15, 1947
9. Amritsar
10. West Punjab Ablaze
11. Sind
12. Did Sikhs (And Hindus) Voluntarily Leave Pakistan?
13. Did The Sikhs Have A ‘Plan’?
Appendix - Atrocities 1 to 200
Appendix - Atrocities 201 to 400
Appendix - Atrocities 401 to 592 |
A FREE book to read and think..
yeezevee |
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yeezevee
Joined: 17 Feb 2004
Posts: 17109
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| Posted: Sun Apr 29, 2007 11:28 am Post subject: |
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Converted Kashmir A Bitter Saga of Religious Conversions
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PART 1: GOLDEN AGE
1. Religious Conversion and Touchstone of Nationalism
2. Kashyap - The Maker of Kashmir
3. Cultural Heritage of Kashmir
4. Kashmir's Mighty Tradition
5. Brave Emperor Lalitaditya
6. Karmyogi Emperor Avantivarman
7. Chivalrous Lohar Dynasty
8. Queen Kota, Statesman
PART 2: BIGOTRY AT PEAK
9. Advent of Islam in Kashmir
10. Either Islam or death or banishment
11. Shri Bhat: Light in the Darkness
12. Again a Black Chapter
13. Sweet Poison in Kashmir's Veins
14. Religious Conversion with Sword
15. Rebirth of Barbarism
16. Liberation of Kashmir
PART 3: ERA OF BLUNDERS
17. The Rise of Sheikh Abdullah as the British Agent
18. Pt. Nehru Committed Blunders
19. Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
20. Kashmir Conspiracy Case
21. Sadiq, Qasim, Gulshah and Farooq
22. Governor Jagmohan
PART 4: PRESENT KASHMIR
23. Pakistan's Proxy War
24. Islamic Fanaticism of Self-determination
25. Problem having its Roots in Religious Fanaticism
26. Article 370
27. Champions of Unity and Integrity
28. Doda in the Grip of Insurgency
29. Pakistan's ISI and Kashmiri Terrorists
30. Weak Mental Make-up of Rulers |
http://www.kashmir-information.com/ConvertedKashmir/index.html
http://www.kashmir-information.com/ConvertedKashmir/index.html
A free book to read
yeezevee |
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yeezevee
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yeezevee
Joined: 17 Feb 2004
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| Posted: Thu May 10, 2007 5:27 pm Post subject: |
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So we know a bit from this thread the time line on the History of Islam., Let us move on on how this voilent expansion of Mr. Muhammad Islam is connected to the Jihad, so let see the "History of jihad" in the next couple of posts. First of all let us define Mr. Muhammad's word "Jihad" and what it means from the Islamic Point of View looking through the writings, eyes and History of Islam
http://www.submission.org/muhammed/jihad.html says
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Jihad in Islam (Submission):
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| Approximately fourteen hundred years ago, prophet Muhammed ,the last in the line of the prophets of Islam (Submission), delivered the Quran, the Final Testament. Islam (Submission in English) was founded by Abraham. Ever since the Renaissance, its believers have been subjected to difficulties. From the Inquisition in Spain and Andalucia to the ethnic cleansing in Bosnia and Chechnya, the Muslim people have endured colonial regime and economic and military oppression. By the means of media, Islam (Submission) has been given a sinister image in the eye of the public opinion,....... |
The best translation known for such a word is the following: a sincere and noticeable effort (for good); an all true and unselfish striving for spiritual good.
Jihad as presented in the Quran and any of the other scriptures implies the striving of spiritual good |
.. That is what this Islamic Link says: Good., So we have a GOOD JIHAD., Well Muslioms seem to Follow that Bad Jihad.. whatever that is., Even Prophet of Islam Followed THAT BAD JIHAD..let us see the Jihad from the year after the death of HIS 1st wife Khadija to 1000BC.. THE ISLAMIC JIHAD..here is the partial list ., Offcourse there JIHAD BETWEEN THE MUSLIMS to kill each other, each one saying My Islam is closer to Allah/Muhammad Islam.
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Mr. Muhammad's Jihad started 1st on Arabs, JEWS, CHRISTIANS, PAGANS, and on Mr Muhammad's OWN CLAN, even DOGS and CATS, RATS of Arabia went through this Muhamad's Jihad. (622 to 634)
The Jihad against Zoroastrian Persians of Iran, Baluchistan and Afghanistan (634 to 651)
The Jihad against the Byzantine Christians (634 to 1453)
The Jihad against Christian Coptic Egyptians (640 to 655)
The Jihad against Hindus of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh (638 to 1857).. THIS JIHAD IS NEVER ENDING AND STILL GOING
The Jihad against Christian Coptic Nubians - modern Sudanese (650)
The Jihad against pagan Berbers - North Africans (650 to 700)
The Jihad against Spaniards (711 to 730)
The Reconquista against Jihad in Spain (730 to 1492)
The Jihad against Franks - modern French (720 to 732)
The Jihad against Sicilians in Italy (812 to 940)
The Jihad against Chinese (751)
The Jihad against Turks (651 to 751)
The Jihad against Armenians and Georgians (1071 to 1920)
The Crusade against Jihad (1096 – 1291 ongoing) |
yeezevee |
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yeezevee
Joined: 17 Feb 2004
Posts: 17109
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| Posted: Fri Aug 17, 2007 6:53 pm Post subject: |
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HISTORY OF THE MOGHUL EMPIRE IN INDIAN SUBCONTINENT
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Babur--------------------1483 - 1526 - 1530 died when he was 47
Humayun---------------1508 - 1530 - 1540 - 1556died when he was 48
Akbar--------------------1542 - 1556 - 1605 died when he was 63
Jahangir------------------1569 - 1605 - 1627 died when he was 58
Shah Jahan---------------1592 - 1627 - 1658 - 1666 died when he was 74
Aurangzeb------------------1618 - 1658 - 1707 died when he was 89 |
Babur, founder of the Moghul dynasty in India. He is one of history's more endearing conquerors. In his youth he is one among many impoverished princes, all descended from Timurlane. They fought among themselves for possession of some small part of the great man's fragmented empire. Babur's original name was Zāhir ud-Dīn Mohammad, commonly known as Bābur.
Zahiruddin Muhammad was born on February 14, 1483 in the town of Andijan, in the Fergana Valley which is in modern Uzbekistan. He was the eldest son of Umar Shaykh Mirza, ruler of the Fergana Valley, who he described as "short and stout, round-bearded and fleshy faced,"[citation needed] and his wife Qutlugh Nigar Khanum. Although Babur hailed from the Barlas tribe which was of Mongol origin, his tribe had embraced Turkic and Persian culture (see Turco-Mongol, Turco-Persian), converted to Islam and resided in Turkestan and Khorasan. His mother tongue was the Chaghatai language (known to Babur as Tōrkī, "Turkish") and he was equally at home in Persian, the lingua franca of the Timurid elite. he wrote his famous memoirs, the Baburnama, in the former language, that of his birthplace.
Zāhir ud-Dīn Mohammad, also known as Bābur Chaghatay/Persian: ﻇﻬﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ محمد بابر; also spelled Zahiruddin, Zahiriddin, Muhammad, Bobur, Baber, Babar etc..
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Birth name: Zāhir ud-Dīn Mohammad
Family name: Timurid
Title: Emperor of Mughal Empire
Birth: February 14, 1483
Place of birth: Andijan
Death: December 26, 1530
Place of death: Agra
Burial: Bagh-e Babur
Succeeded by: Humayun |
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10 wives of Babar
* Ayisheh Sultan Begum (He married her at the age of seventeen.)
* Bibi Mubarika Yusufzay
* Dildar Begum
* Gulnar Agacheh
* Gulrukh Begum
* Maham Begum
* Masumeh Begum
* Nargul Agacheh
* Sayyida Afaq
* Zainab Sultan Begum |
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Children:
* Humayun, son
* Kamran Mirza, son
* Askari Mirza, son
* Hindal Mirza, son
* Gulbadan Begum, daughter
* Fakhr-un-nisa, daughter |
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yeezevee
Last edited by yeezevee on Fri Aug 17, 2007 8:03 pm; edited 4 times in total |
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yeezevee
Joined: 17 Feb 2004
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| Posted: Fri Aug 17, 2007 7:02 pm Post subject: |
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HISTORY OF THE MOGHUL EMPIRE IN INDIAN SUBCONTINENT.. Babar
Babar became the king of Farghana at an early age of 12. He was nourished militarily by the experiences he had from facing the enemies who plotted against him.
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| In 1497 AD Babur captured Samarkand. His ministers pronounced him dead and put his younger brother on the throne. He failed in his attempt to recover Farghana. On his venture to retrive Farghana his cousin Ali usurped his authority over Samarakhand. Babur now was kingdom less. Regions under the influence of Babur In 1499 AD he was able to capture Farghana. In his early days of succession he had to face many oppositions. |
In 1497AD Babur captured Samarkand but lost Farghana. In 1498AD Babur lost both Samarkand and Fargana. In 1499AD he regained Farghana and in 1500 AD Samarkand was reconquered the second time.
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| Babur set put for Kabul and occupied it in 1504 AD and ruled till 1526 AD during which he conquered Qandhar and Herat. His attempt to conquer Samarkand which he lost in 1502 AD failed and he turned towards India on a fresh venture. The conditions that prevailed in India at that juncture invited him to set out to conquer India. By 1524 AD he had brought Lahore under his sway. From Lahore he marched to Delhi where he was met by Ibrahim Lodi on the battle field of Panipat. Ibrahim Lodi was defeated owing to the superior artillery of Babur. Babur then sent his forces to occupy Delhi and Agra. Thus started the rule of the Chaghtai Turks who ruled under the name of Mughals. |
Babr kingdom in Insian subcontinent
On beginning his rule in India Babur had to face the problems of the Rajputs and the Afghan chiefs. He battled Rana Sanga of Mewar in 1527 AD in the battle of Kanwah. Rana lost the battle. The defeat of Rana Sanga shook the power of the Rajputs. In 1528 AD Babur attacked Chanderi which was held by Medini Rai and captured it. In the year 1529 AD. Babur marched against Mahmud Lodi a brother of Ibrahim Lodi and the battle of Ghagra followed which resulted in the defeat of the Lodis.
Good resource on early Kigdom of Babar..
http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/babur/babur1.html
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yeezevee
Joined: 17 Feb 2004
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| Posted: Fri Aug 17, 2007 7:23 pm Post subject: |
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Gulbadan Begam bint Babur Badshah /Gulbadan Banu Begum 1st daughter of Babar.. (1522/3-1603)
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Gulbadan was born in Kabul, Afghanistan, to Babur, who shortly after her birth became the first Mughal emperor of India. Five years later Gulbadan went with her family to northern India, where she grew up at the court of Babur and then of her half-brother Humayun. She was married before she was 17 and had at least one child, a son. What should have been a peaceful life changed when, in 1540, Humayun was driven out of India; Gulbadan herself would spend over seven years at Kabul as a captive of another half-brother who was fighting against Humayun.
When Gulbadan was in her 60s, her nephew, the emperor Akbar, ordered historians to gather together information on his grandfather, Babur, and his father, Humayun. Gulbadan responded with the Humayun-nama (originally titled Ahval-i Humayun Badshah). In it she tells the story of her family: she describes her own experiences and she uses sources, such as those from the women's quarters, that were unavailable to male historians.
"...AWAY FROM MY MOTHERS, AND MY OWN MOTHER, AND MY SISTERS, AND MY FATHER'S PEOPLE, AND MY BROTHERS." .... Gulbadan Banu |
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yeezevee
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| Posted: Fri Aug 17, 2007 7:44 pm Post subject: |
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http://khurramsdesk.tripod.com/babur.htm
Babur from Baburnameh By Khurram Ali Shafique., publishes in
DAWN The Review, Nov 23-29, 2000
Baburnameh....
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....., we can make a safe guess that Babur was either probably a virgin or uncomfortable with his own sexuality when he got married to his cousin Ayesha Sultan Begum at the age of seventeen. "I was quite attracted to her. Yet, this being my first marriage, out of modesty and hesitation, I used to see her once in 10, 15 or 20 days. Later, when my desire for her weakened out too, my hesitation increased. Then my mother Khanum used to send me, once a month or every 40 days, after much persuasion..."
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Babur had a distinct feminine side too. He had delicate features and had begun his reign under the guidance of grandmother Aisan Daulat and mother Qutlug Nigar Khanum. Soon after his marriage he found himself in love with a boy!
"His name was Baburi," Babur notes down in his memoirs. "Out of modesty I could never look straight at him; how then could I make conversation or recite poetry to him? One day, during that time of desire and passion when I was going with companions along a lane and suddenly met him face to face, I got into such a state of confusion that I almost went right off. To look straight at him or to put words together was impossible... In that frothing up of desire and passion, and under stress of youthful folly, I used to wander, bare-head, bare-foot, through street and lane, orchard and vineyard. I was hospitable neither to friend nor stranger, took no care for others or myself. I was not in control..." |
...... It seems that the humiliation cured some of Babur's starry-eyed romanticism and when he captured Kabul in 1501, he took some realistic steps. For once he reconciled with the idea of an empire with Kabul, and not Samarkand, as its centre. Three years later he assumed the title of Padishah. By that time he had sorted out many of his earlier confusions, and even learnt to take pleasure from women, which was the distinctive trait of the House of Taimur. He had several wives by then and as his favourite one, Mahum, gave him a son in 1508 Babur named him Humayun. In Persian it meant one favored by Huma, the legendary bird whose shadow makes anybody a king.
In Kabul Babur followed his delicate tastes in architecture. An amazing example was the famous garden where pools were filled with wine, and the advice inscribed on the walls was, of course: "O Babur! Better seek to be happy, for the world is not to be again!"
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| With Kabul as his capital it was possible for Babur to plunder the wealth of India. From 1505 Babur started a series of raids on the villages and towns in the Kohat, Dera Ghazi Khan, and later, Bajor, Swat, Bheera and Khushab. During his first attack he followed the example of Taimur and massacred the inhabitants. However, his very nature revolted against barbarity and afterwards he allowed himself to be his own self. |
Babur fell into the trap of his dreams again when in 1510 the Safavid Persian emperor Shah Ismail became his friend. Babur, though himself a Sunni, agreed to introduce several Shia reforms in Samarkand if Shah Ismail could help him capture the city. This unleashed a religious war against Babur and Samarkand was gone again, this time for good. But the visionary in him woke up once his soul was freed of imitating a dead ancestor.
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| On 21 April 1526 Babur met one hundred thousand men of Ibrahim Lodhi with twelve thousand of his own at the famous Battle of Panipat and, with his gunpowder he defeated the enemy in a most remarkable display of military genius. Ibrahim made a desperate fight but got killed. Babur went up to corpse, lifted up its head and said, "Honour to your courage!" Then he ordered a respectful burial for the dead king exactly on the spot where he had fallen in the battlefield. |
Among the allies of Lodhi who fell was one Raja Bakrmajeet whose family possessed the famous Kohi Noor diamond.
"No kingdom can sustain without means and resources," Babur addressed his men. "By the labours of several years, by encountering hardship, by long travel, by flinging myself and the army into battle, and by deadly slaughter, we, through God's grace, have beaten these masses of enemies and taken their vast plains. Now why go back and stay in the harsh poverty of Kabul?"
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| He was ecstatic about suddenly changing from a dignified robber into a grand emperor, and felt that he must thank the Cosmic Power who had favoured him. With the zeal of an Albairuni he carried out an extensive research on India, studying its historic documents as well surveying its wildlife, revenues, peoples and resources. Then he wrote a complete treatise on this country and added it to his memoirs. |
And it was at this time that Babur felt lonelier in life than he had ever been. Babur's companions had completely failed to understand the change that had occurred in him after Panipat. They opposed him, arguing that the best course was to plunder India like Taimur had done, and carry its wealth back home. The lines Babur wrote at this point in his memoirs are charged with bitterness and dejection.
"It's true that they can't be blamed just for wanting to go back, and this man (Babur) has enough sense to distinguish between honest opinion and mutiny. But how discourteous of them to tell a man that things should be done differently when he is seeing something as a purpose to be fulfilled and has reached his resolution!"
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| And just then, the mother of Ibrahim Lodhi attempted to assassinate Babur through poisoning. Babur survived the attempt, though it is thought that the poison left some impact on his system. But the emotional trauma was too great. Something in the old lady had reminded him of his dead mother, so that he had exalted her to the status of Queen Mother. Even after she had poisoned him, Babur didn't have the heart to kill her and dispatched her to Kabul. Fearing a hostile reception there, she jumped into a river on the way and drowned. |
"Till now I had not really known what a sweet thing life could seem to be!" Babur remarked in his letter about the incident. In the Battle of Kanwaha, which followed soon afterwards, he killed the last known demons within him. His astrologer forecast that Mars, the planet of War is on the enemy's side. Babur refused to listen to him and called upon God, who was in any case the only one who understood Babur anymore. Making a resolve never to drink alcohol again, Babur ordered the goblets to be broken and the metal distributed among the poor. Yet he was able to see a romance even in giving up wine, seeking his inspiration in a Persian verse, "Tauba hum bimaza neest, bachash!" (Abstinence has its own savour, taste it!").
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| But as he gained victory over the Hindu enemy Rana Sanga, he began seeing himself as a champion of Islam, though even that couldn't prevent his visit to the temples of Gwalior. In his memoirs he describes them entirely from an artistic point of view and refrains from making any religious comment against idolatry. He didn't order any harm to the idols. |
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The story of Babur's death is famous but few have bothered to explore the several layers of its mystical meaning. It is said that Humayun fell ill and physicians lost all hope of recovery. Babur was told that in India people sometimes offer their dearest possession to God and pray to Him to accept it as a substitute for the life of their dear one. He readily said that he would do so, and the nobles thought he would offer the Kohi Noor diamond. "I can't offer God a stone!" Babur said, and went on to pray that his own life be accepted as an offering. Humayun recovered miraculously and Babur grew ill day by day. He died on 26 December 1530.
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| We will never know the dialogue Babur had with God on that fateful night because the last pages of Baburnameh have disappeared without trace. People have seen the incident as a proof of a father's love for his son. But there is another layer of emotions involved in the incident. "Like flute, we too have two ends," Babur must have remembered from Rumi. "One is hidden between His lips, while the other, full of noise and life, is opened towards the world. But whoever can see, knows that the sound of this end is coming from the other one alone. The sound of the flute that is our soul is due only to His breath. The song of our soul is coming from Him alone."........STUPID STORY CACOONED by THE AUTHOR ..yeezevee |
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The Great Mughal Emperors of India....1526 - 1707
colorful link..
http://www.paradoxplace.com/Insights/Civilizations/Mughals/Mughals.htm#Babur_
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yeezevee
Joined: 17 Feb 2004
Posts: 17109
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| Posted: Sat Sep 01, 2007 12:33 pm Post subject: |
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Muhammad Following Muslim Onslaught On Indian Subcontinent-1
Mohammad Bin Qasim & Turk Sabuktagin
There were many causes and there are many reasons for Muhammad's Islam to spread in Indian subcontinent to Indonesia. But without doubt conquest of Afghanisthan, the Punjab, and Sind by early Muhammad following Muslims before they intruded in to present India and Bangladesh are the major reasons. So Early Muslim conquest of Indian subcontinent must be considered as the major reason for the spread of Islam in the subcontinent. The Muslim dominated Kabul, the Punjab, and Sind, before intruding in to India. The wealth in India lured the Muslim rulers. Also the inter-rivalry between the Hindu kingdoms in India paved the way for their entry in to India.
The very first Muslim attack on India in Sindh was in the year 715 A.D by Arabs led by Mohammad Bin Qasim. They had displaced Raja Dabir who ruled Sindh from his capital Deval (near modern Karachi). They also unsuccessfully tried to attack Malwa around the year 720 AD., So Indian subcontinent is fighting Muhammad Islam since the very early begining of Islam. It is not even 100 years after the death of Mr. Muhammad and Muhamamd following Muslims are still fighting to convert Hindus of present India in various ways. . After that first invasion Sindh, next 300 years or so kings like Raja Bhoja and other Gurjara Kings constantly fighting Arab Muslim attacks often quite successfully. The next Muslim invasion came from present Afghanisthan side by Turk Sabuktagin. He had established himself in Khorasan and extended his kingdom extended to Kabul and Ghazni. In 986 AD he came into conflict with Raja Jaipal of Bathinda. In 991 A.D. Raja Jaipal allied with other Hindu king including Rajyapala the Prathira king of Kannauj and Dhanga the ruler of the distant Chandela kingdom but they too were defeated...
So that is the starting point of Muhammad's Islam in the subcontinent.
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yeezevee
Joined: 17 Feb 2004
Posts: 17109
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| Posted: Wed Sep 05, 2007 3:19 pm Post subject: |
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Mahmud of Ghazni
The elder son of Sabuktagin, Mahmud of Ghazni assumed the throne in 997 AD. He was very conscious of the wealth he could achieve from further conquests into India. He was also a religious fanatic who aimed to spread Islam. Mahmud is said to have invaded India seventeen times between 1001 -1027 AD. King Jaipal and later his son Anandpal resisted Mahmud but were defeated. Between 1009 A.D and 1026 A.D he invaded Kangra, Thaneshwar, Kanauj, Mathura, Gwalior, Kashmir and Punjab. In 1025AD Mahmud invaded Somnath and looted its temple on the coast of Saurashtra or Kathiwar. Enormous treasure of the fortified temple was looted. His last invasion was in about 1027 AD. He died in 1030AD.
Mohammad Ghori
The next Muslim ruler who had made his influence in Indian history known was Muhammad Ghori. Muhammad Ghori is said to have invaded India seven times. Mohammad Ghori invaded Multan in about 1175-76AD. In 1178 A.D he attempted the conquest of Gujarat. He was strongly resisted by Bhimdev II who inflicted a crushing defeat on him. In 1191AD Mohammad Ghori met Prithvi Raj Chauhan in the first battle of Tarain. Mohammad Ghori was severely wounded and outnumbered. He was defeated and left the battlefield. In the very next year in 1192 AD both the armies met again at Tarain. This time Mohammad cleverly defeated Prithvi Raj Chauhan. In 1194 AD Mohammad Ghori invaded and defeated and killed the ruler of Kannauj Jaichand and also captured Benares. Gwallior, Gujarat and Ajmer were also occupied by 1197 AD. Mohammad Ghori died in 1206AD.
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